The Influence of Television on Human Behavior - 782 Words

The role of the television is pretty simple; to entertain. Almost everyone on this planet own one or more television(s). The television as we used to know is no longer in black and white or just a tiny box but it is massively upgrading with the hi-tech today that’s why we see only see the flat screen TVs now. It is almost as flat as this board. With these new modern technology, the human behavior is also rapidly changing like I previously mentioned in my first topic. The human needs and wants is basically a major issue covering our everyday life but here I am explaining it further in a ‘monkey see, monkey do’ situation which technically means what we see is what we do or a better way is copying. So within this situation, we often get influenced by the media. For instance, a zombie movie. What do we see in a zombie movie? Assassinations, survival, cool gadgets, awesome stunts and cute movie casts. So by observing the cool aspects from the movie, we would basically start picturing ourselves doing it even worse we are actually doing it by imagining everyone on earth is a zombie and you’d want to run around chopping their heads off. This where the human behavior really takes place. The main problem is we actually start believing in fantasies which slowly turns to reality where people might actually think you’re crazy. Remember when The Matrix was released? Yes, we would literally see people doing slow motion acts which was fun because it was so influential that it became aShow MoreRelatedViolence on Television Can Have Negative Effects on Children1210 Words   |  5 Pagesrepeated violence on television desensitizes children to violence, and similarly incorrect portrayals of sex on television may contribute to adolescent sex. Violence, and sex on television negatively impacts todays youth, and adolescents. In fact, a main contributor to these negative effects on children are caused by parents. Some parents pay little to no attention to the ratings of television shows, or movies, or the amount of sex, and/or violence their child sees on television. Studies indicateRead MoreTelevisions Responsibility in Violent Children Essay1101 Words   |  5 Pageswhether or not the violence produced in children has been influenced by his or her surroundings. Could the violence seen in television shows lead the way to these actions? With these violent situations growing we have to start looking into this issue. TV programs should be held moderately responsible for the violent actions of children because they promote negative influences. When we think of violence, we automatically picture guns and knives being used to kill people. Although this is a part ofRead MoreMy Pop Culture Research Topic1250 Words   |  5 PagesMy Pop Culture Research Topic The research topic that I chose to work on is television. I chose this specific topic for various reasons. One reason why I decided to discuss the television subject because for one, it truly has a massive effect on the masses of people, especially when it comes to certain cultures. For instance, the black communities. Reality TV shows such as Love and Hip Hop and Basketball Wives, for example, has a huge affect on black guys and girls alike, especially black femalesRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Our Society1566 Words   |  7 Pagesviolence in the media and does it affect our society. How we view television, has changed the world, no doubt in that. Turn your television set on and pick a channel at random; the odds are that half of the programs you come across will contain violent material. The statistics are overwhelming as I look on the internet, read articles, and look at the research. One of the things that most interests me in the violence on television, is the effects it has on children. Children learn by repetition whileRead MoreTelevision Advertising Effects1153 Words   |  5 PagesTelevision has a tremendous impact on the American culture. Even though television has positive effects, the negative effects of television outweigh the positive effects. The majority of television watched is through advertisements. Television advertisements have a great impact on Americans, especially the youth. In fact, a young person views 40,000 television advertisements per year (Committee on Communications). Concerning a child’s developing cognition and social pressures, television advertisementsRead MoreReality Televisions Influence on Society794 Words   |  3 PagesReality television tries to disguise what is really going on in the television shows. The actors and producers shine a false spotlight on â€Å"reality†. â€Å"Reality television is defined as a ‘TV show observing real-life situation: television programs often delib erately manufactured situations, and that monitor their emotions and behavior’† (Paredes 26). Reality television is a bad influence on our society today due to the popularity, decision making, and misconduct of the individuals shown. People in today’sRead MoreEssay on Media Has a Negative Influence on Children649 Words   |  3 Pagesviolence. Newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet all contain violence. Todays media has a negative influence on children. The media does have an influence on them, but does it really influence them to act out even though they know its wrong? Mass media, and its components, are very powerful and can influence ones mind, as well as their behavior. Children that imitate characters who use violence in the media and display aggressive behavior, tend to give them reason to believe thatRead MoreVisual Media s Influence On Society1661 Words   |  7 PagesAllyson Lynn Sarah Wilson Writing 101 20 October 2015 Visual Media’s Influence on Society Information is easily accessible to Americans through the media. Americans can get this information from print, audio, visual, and online. For eight to eighteen year olds, media in some form or fashion normally takes up seven and a half hours of each day. Of those seven and a half hours, most is spent in front of the television. Along with watching TV, video games and use of computers consume an hour forRead MoreCause-and-Effect Relationship between TV Violence and Actual Crimes1755 Words   |  7 Pagescause- and effect relationship between TV violence and actual crimes? The subject of violence and sexuality on television has remained of great concern for both liberals and conservatives, and there are advocates on both sides of the issue in each ideological camp. While some liberals bridle at any attempts to curtail speech, others are concerned about the impact that violent television viewing has upon impressionable viewers like children and are concerned about televisions possible role in creatingRead MoreTelevision And Its Effects On Children1673 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision is one of the biggest influences in the lives of most people. People spend hours every day watching television programming, so of course this will affect their behavior. Television is like a window to the modern world. Many people view the programs that are aired on television; they can gain a lot of information and knowledge. Most programming like the National Geographic and Discovery Channels can be used as an educational tools in schools and at home to teach our childr en to learn instead

Sexual Harassment At The Workplace - 1697 Words

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on female offenses, sexual harassment is not gender specific. Cases have been reported based on female on male harassment, as well as same gender harassment. Sexual harassment is a growing epidemic that can be controlled though proper enforcement of company polices and regulations. Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Sexual harassment in the work place can be defined, as a form of sexual discrimination that involves unwanted sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and verbal or physical conduct sexual in nature capable of creating a hostile work environment. The harasser can be the victim s supervisor, a supervisor in another area, a co-worker, or someone who is not an employee of the employer, such as a client or customer. The reason for my study is to inform and educate the public on how to prevent, address, and report these forms of unsolicited sexual advances. The two types of sexual harassment that are legally recognized are: 1. Quid Pro Quo Sexual HarassmentShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment At The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on femaleRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace990 Words   |  4 PagesIt is great to have a workplace where you are friends with your coworkers. But what happens when coworkers talk about other coworkers in a sexual context. Two male coworkers talking about female staff where coworkers in the area can hear. Your manager suggests that they can help you earn a promotion if you go out with them. This puts employees in awkward situations where they might not know if this is considered sexual harassment. If it is, an employee maybe unsure what to do about it. AccordingRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace963 W ords   |  4 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace There are federal laws put in position to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace. Most employees sometimes don’t even realize what sexual harassment is are when they are committing this violation. On the flip side an employee may not realized when they are being sexually harassed and when is the appropriate time to speak up. Education on sexual harassment has increased within the workplace as cases are more public and fines are getting steeper. In this researchRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1396 Words   |  6 PagesEssay #3 Sexual harassment in the workplace has always been an issue, even before women were introduced into the working environment in the twentieth century. In recent years this issue may have become more publicized than before and not as overlooked as it used to be, but it unfortunately affects people all across the nation, both men and women alike. From that fast food chain where your kid is working at, to that fortune 500 company you’ve never heard of, it is happening. Over the last severalRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace2180 Words   |  9 PagesSexual harassment is among the many factors that make employees uncomfortable at the workplace. This vice is a sum of all the unwelcomed advances of sexual nature that employees go through from their colleagues or superiors. There is no gender limit to sexual harassment since both males and females may be coerced to engage in some things for sexual favours. Sexual harassment takes both verbal and physical form. Since managers are responsible for the provision of a comfortable working environmentRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1253 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace What cause sexual harassment in the workplace? Sexual harassment is defined as discrimination towards sex. It is unwanted verbal and/or physical contact between two human beings, however, in this case I would like to focus on the workplace (co-worker or supervisor). Based on Civil Rights Act of 1991, there has been an increased amount of incentives for employer’s prohibition conducts of sexual harassment. How people perceive and evaluate sexual harassmentRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Work Place: Building More Awareness In today’s society, sexual harassment in the workplace has become a problem. This problem should have more attention and awareness provided to help stop these situations from happening. Sexual harassment can happen anywhere, at any time, and to everyone. It does not discriminate and effects all ethnicity, genders, age, and races. Due to the larger number of cases presented in courts today, sexual harassment in the workplace continues toRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1359 Words   |  6 Pagesfor any company to legally define what constitutes sexual harassment in the workplace, but there are many ways to define sexual harassment. Everyone has different views and tolerance levels towards sexual harassment. When a case of sexual harassment occurs in a workplace, however, it comes down to how the courts define sexual harassment. The Supreme Court defines sexual harassment to be unlawful in two ways. â€Å"The first type involves sexual harassment that results in a t angible employment action;† thisRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace Introduction Sexual harassment is an ethical problem in the workplace. Sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome verbal, visual, or physical conduct of a sexual nature. It can affect your working conditions and creates a hostile work environment. It can also affect productivity, satisfaction, retention, patient care and safety, your physical well-being and mental health. It can also cause low staff morale, increased absenteeism and attrition of staff. This studentRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1608 Words   |  7 Pagessubject to sexual harassment ranging from sexually degrading comments to physical acts of sexual assault. Unfortunately for the women working at the mine, that was only the beginning of the harassment they’d experience. If this was not damaging enough, women were deterred, if not, outright sanctioned for reporting instances of harassment to management. It is reasonable to assume that culture at Pearson Taconite and Steel fostered a hostile work environment for women. Though the issue of sexual harassment Sexual Harassment At The Workplace - 1697 Words Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on female offenses, sexual harassment is not gender specific. Cases have been reported based on female on male harassment, as well as same gender harassment. Sexual harassment is a growing epidemic that can be controlled though proper enforcement of company polices and regulations. Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Sexual harassment in the work place can be defined, as a form of sexual discrimination that involves unwanted sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and verbal or physical conduct sexual in nature capable of creating a hostile work environment. The harasser can be the victim s supervisor, a supervisor in another area, a co-worker, or someone who is not an employee of the employer, such as a client or customer. The reason for my study is to inform and educate the public on how to prevent, address, and report these forms of unsolicited sexual advances. The two types of sexual harassment that are legally recognized are: 1. Quid Pro Quo Sexual HarassmentShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment At The Workplace990 Words   |  4 PagesIt is great to have a workplace where you are friends with your coworkers. But what happens when coworkers talk about other coworkers in a sexual context. Two male coworkers talking about female staff where coworkers in the area can hear. Your manager suggests that they can help you earn a promotion if you go out with them. This puts employees in awkward situations where they might not know if this is considered sexual harassment. If it is, an employee maybe unsure what to do about it. AccordingRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace963 Words   |  4 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace There are federal laws put in position to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace. Most employees sometimes don’t even realize what sexual harassment is are when they are committing this violation. On the flip side an employee may not realized when they are being sexually harassed and when is the appropriate time to speak up. Education on sexual harassment has increased within the workplace as cases are more public and fines are getting steeper. In this researchRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1396 Words   |  6 PagesEssay #3 Sexual harassment in the workplace has always been an issue, even before women were introduced into the working environment in the twentieth century. In recent years this issue may have become more publicized than before and not as overlooked as it used to be, but it unfortunately affects people all across the nation, both men and women alike. From that fast food chain where your kid is working at, to that fortune 500 company you’ve never heard of, it is happening. Over the last severalRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace2180 Words   |  9 PagesSexual harassment is among the many factors that make employees uncomfortable at the workplace. This vice is a sum of all the unwelcomed advances of sexual nature that employees go through from their colleagues or superiors. There is no gender limit to sexual harassment since both males and females may be coerced to engage in some things for sexual favours. Sexual harassment takes both verbal and physical form. Since managers are responsible for the provision of a comfortable working environmentRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1253 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace What cause sexual harassment in the workplace? Sexual harassment is defined as discrimination towards sex. It is unwanted verbal and/or physical contact between two human beings, however, in this case I would like to focus on the workplace (co-worker or supervisor). Based on Civil Rights Act of 1991, there has been an increased amount of incentives for employer’s prohibition conducts of sexual harassment. How people perceive and evaluate sexual harassmentRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Work Place: Building More Awareness In today’s society, sexual harassment in the workplace has become a problem. This problem should have more attention and awareness provided to help stop these situations from happening. Sexual harassment can happen anywhere, at any time, and to everyone. It does not discriminate and effects all ethnicity, genders, age, and races. Due to the larger number of cases presented in courts today, sexual harassment in the workplace continues toRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1359 Words   |  6 Pagesfor any company to legally define what constitutes sexual harassment in the workplace, but there are many ways to define sexual harassment. Everyone has different views and tolerance levels towards sexual harassment. When a case of sexual harassment occurs in a workplace, however, it comes down to how the courts define sexual harassment. The Supreme Court defines sexual harassment to be unlawful in two ways. â€Å"The first type involves sexual harassment that results in a t angible employment action;† thisRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace Introduction Sexual harassment is an ethical problem in the workplace. Sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome verbal, visual, or physical conduct of a sexual nature. It can affect your working conditions and creates a hostile work environment. It can also affect productivity, satisfaction, retention, patient care and safety, your physical well-being and mental health. It can also cause low staff morale, increased absenteeism and attrition of staff. This studentRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1608 Words   |  7 Pagessubject to sexual harassment ranging from sexually degrading comments to physical acts of sexual assault. Unfortunately for the women working at the mine, that was only the beginning of the harassment they’d experience. If this was not damaging enough, women were deterred, if not, outright sanctioned for reporting instances of harassment to management. It is reasonable to assume that culture at Pearson Taconite and Steel fostered a hostile work environment for women. Though the issue of sexual harassmentRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 Pages Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on female

Outsourcing and Company Free Essays

What is Outsourcing? Outsourcing  is the  contracting  out of an internal  business process  to a third party organization. The practice of contracting a business process out to a third party rather than staffing it internally is common in the modern economy. The term â€Å"outsourcing† became popular in the  United States  near the turn of the 21st century. We will write a custom essay sample on Outsourcing and Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now Outsourcing sometimes involves transferring employees and assets from one firm to another but not always. The definition of outsourcing includes both foreign and domestic contracting,  and sometimes includes  offshoring, which means relocating a business function to another country. Financial savings from lower international labor rates is a big motivation for outsourcing/offshoring. The opposite of outsourcing is called  insourcing, which entails bringing processes handled by third party firms in-house, and is sometimes accomplished via  vertical integration. However, a business can provide a contract service to another business without necessarily insourcing that business process. Advantages of Outsourcing : Outsourcing creates opportunities for a company to focus on lowering costs and improving the efficient allocation of resources within a company. Outsourcing allows a company to redirect its attention to its own competencies and hire outside resources to handle other tasks. For example, Jobs in the mid-west can often consist of phone tech support. However since it is even cheaper to pay people in India then support this community with jobs, it will send its jobs to India, another country which is an example of outsourcing. So outsourcing allows a firm to reduce costs and concentrate its resources on the things It does best while gaining access to expertise it may not have. Companies outsource primarily to cut costs. But today, it is not only about cutting cost but also about reaping the advantages of strategic outsourcing such as accessing skilled expertise, saving time, cutting cost, concentrating on networking, business growth and core competencies ,reducing overhead, flexible staffing, and increasing efficiency, reducing turnaround time and eventually generating more profit. 1. Accessing Skilled Expertise : One of the primary advantages of outsourcing is to get access to skilled expertise. This skill set may not be a core competency of a company’s business, but to allow on focusing on the core mission in providing a high quality product and service to its customer what makes sense is handing over the task to people who can perform it better. Moreover, as a double whammy, a company not only spends less on employee trainings and saves precious man-hours but cuts costs as well. 2. Saving time : When running a business, companies soon discover which skills they possess are strong, weak and non-existent. Rather than using their time and money to learn several new skills, they can simply outsource to someone who is already proficient. Perhaps they have other things in life besides business to focus on. Companies may want to spend the extra time outsourcing because it gives companies to learn a new skill such as public speaking, a new language, accounting, or some other subject. 3. Cutting Costs and Saving BIG! : Maintaining an infrastructure can be an extra burden for some businesses, which outsourcing can remove. Outsourcing business requirements to a trusted vendor can help companies to save on the capital expenditure, time, and extra efforts of their personnel. Additionally, companies are no longer committed to invest on employee training, or purchasing expensive software, or investing in latest technologies. All these help the companies to get higher returns in the longer run. For example, A small doctor’s office that wants to accept a variety of insurance plans. One part-time person could not keep up with all the different providers and rules. Outsource to a firm specializing in medical billing. . Concentrating on Business Growth, Networking and Core Competencies : Workload increases with additional non-core functions and the quality of any company’s core activities suffers as the business grows. Outsourcing in such scenario to a third party plays an important role by allowing company’s key resources to focus on primary business tasks. Because of saving time and energ y with outsourcing, companies can focus on growing their business. They can meet with important clients, attend seminars, find potential partners and network as well as tend to the management of the business. Companies can outsource their weakest areas to those who are already strong in them. 5. Reducing overhead : Overhead costs of performing a particular back-office function are extremely high. Paying wages to full-time employees can severely eat into your profits. It’s common for new start-ups to maximize savings by outsourcing to developing countries. People there, who are highly skilled, often work for only a few dollars per hour. It may seem low , but it’s often good money for them. Lower overheads from not having full-time employees may give the company competitive edge and mean the difference between success and failure. . Increasing in-house efficiency : After companies allocate tasks to their outsourcing partner, they share the workload of the companies’ employees. This allows the companies to develop their internal task force and use them more efficiently. 7. Staffing Flexibility : Outsourcing certain independent tasks, allows any company’s business to maintain a financial flexibility when there is an uncertainty in demand. The company can scale up or down comfortably. At a much lower cost, outsourcing provides additional benefit of running business in full throttle even during off season and holiday months. Example: An accounting department that is short-handed during tax season and auditing periods. Outsourcing these functions can provide the additional resources for a fixed period of time at a consistent cost. 8. Continuity Risk Management : Periods of high employee turnover will add uncertainty and inconsistency to the operations. Outsourcing will provided a level of continuity to the company while reducing the risk that a substandard level of operation would bring to the company. Example: The human resource manager is on an extended medical leave and the two administrative assistants leave for new jobs in a very short period of time. Outsourcing the human resource function would reduce the risk and allow the company to keep operating. 9. Giving A Company’s Business A Competitive Edge : The ultimate benefit of outsourcing is that it helps the companies gain a competitive edge in the market. Through strategic outsourcing to an outsourcing partner, the companies are not only providing their customers with best-of breed services, but increasing their productivity while managing their in-house resources intelligently. Outsourcing can help them surpass competitors who have not yet realized the benefits of outsourcing. 10. Seeing An Overall Increase In The Company’s Business : Outsourcing shows an increase in company’s productivity, customer loyalty, level of quality, business value, profits, and much more. How will the changing face of education impact the supply chain? As you evaluate your choices and decisions in  outsourcing  different components of your operations, you will need to consider the advantages of outsourcing. When done for the right reasons, outsourcing will actually help your company grow and save money. There are other advantages of outsourcing that go beyond money. Here are the top seven advantages of outsourcing. . Focus On Core Activities In rapid growth periods, the back-office operations of a company will expand also. This expansion may start to consume resources (human and financial) at the expense of the core activities that have made your company successful. Outsourcing those activities will allow refocusing on those business activities that are important wi thout sacrificing quality or service in the back-office. Example: A company lands a large contract that will significantly increase the volume of purchasing in a very short period of time; Outsource purchasing. 2. Cost And Efficiency Savings Back-office functions that are complicated in nature, but the size of your company is preventing you from performing it at a consistent and reasonable cost, is another advantage of outsourcing. Example: A small doctor’s office that wants to accept a variety of insurance plans. One part-time person could not keep up with all the different providers and rules. Outsource to a firm specializing in medical billing. 3. Reduced Overhead Overhead costs of performing a particular back-office function are extremely high. Consider outsourcing those functions which can be moved easily. Example: Growth has resulted in an increased need for office space. The current location is very expensive and there is no room to expand. Outsource some simple operations in order to reduce the need for office space. For example, outbound telemarketing or data entry. 4. Operational Control Operations whose costs are running out of control must be considered for outsourcing. Departments that may have evolved over time into uncontrolled and poorly managed areas are prime motivators for outsourcing. In addition, an outsourcing company can bring better management skills to your company than what would otherwise be available. Example: An information technology department that has too many projects, not enough people and a budget that far exceeds their contribution to the organization. A contracted outsourcing agreement will force management to prioritize their requests and bring control back to that area. 5. Staffing Flexibility Outsourcing will allow operations that have seasonal or cyclical demands to bring in additional resources when you need them and release them when you’re done. Example: An accounting department that is short-handed during tax season and auditing periods. Outsourcing these functions can provide the additional resources for a fixed period of time at a consistent cost. 6. Continuity Risk Management Periods of high employee turnover will add uncertainty and inconsistency to the operations. Outsourcing will provided a level of continuity to the company while reducing the risk that a substandard level of operation would bring to the company. Example: The human resource manager is on an extended medical leave and the two administrative assistants leave for new jobs in a very short period of time. Outsourcing the human resource function would reduce the risk and allow the company to keep operating. . Develop Internal Staff A large project needs to be undertaken that requires skills that your staff does not possess. On-site outsourcing of the project will bring people with the skills you need into your company. Your people can work alongside of them to acquire the new skill set. Example: A company needs to embark on a replacement/upgrade pro ject on a variety of custom built equipment. Your engineers do not have the skills required to design new and upgraded equipment. Outsourcing this project and requiring the outsourced engineers to work on-site will allow your engineers to acquire a new skill set. How to cite Outsourcing and Company, Papers

Resourced From The Internet Future In Aerospace Industry

Question: Discuss about the Resourced From The Internet for Future In Aerospace Industry? Answer: History KWOLEK (1965) researching at the chemical company DuPont, found that that some polymers a special structure in a specific condition and thus showed extra strength. She was actually working on the shortage of petrol resources and thus was trying for creating a new fibre for tires. This had to be lightweight and strong as well. She was working on the polymers poly-p-phenylene-terephthalate and poly benzamide. Now the solution formed in such cases used to be cloudy and less viscous. But KWOLEK (1965) found something unusual about this. When this solution was stirred at high speed the fibres inside the beaker remained intact unlike those in the case of other polymers like nylons. She therefore realised that accidentally a material with exceptional properties has been discovered. But it was only after 7 years in 1971, that Kevlar was introduced commercially as a fibre material. It is a category of aramid synthetic polymers. Another similar polymer with close structural and mechanical properties is Nomex etc. Kevlar was used in the beginning only for the purpose it was discovered i.e. as the replacement for the steel tires used in automobiles. However, slowly its use has extended to military purposes or aircraft as well because now it available in sheets or spun ropes too. Structure and synthesis Kevlar is a polymer whose constituent monomers are 1,4-phenylene-diamine (para-phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl chloride. It is produced by the reaction of these monomers in the liquid phase. This is a condensation reaction in which the two molecules condense to give out hydrochloric acid also. The polymer hence formed is crystalline even in the liquid form. These monomers react in the presence of Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). Although it has now been ceased to use due to the corrosiveness of its solution in the polymer. These days a solution of N-methyl-pyrrolidone and calcium chloride is utilised for the solvent purpose. Now since concentrated acid is produced in the solution along with the polymers it complicates the process and put the polymers at the risks of being corroded. Also since the polymers formed in strands it gets separated out of the solution creates issues during synthesis. It also degrades in the presence of ultraviolet light and hence can be corroded in the presence of sunlight. This limits the usage of Kevlar in outdoor areas directly under sunlight. Mechanical Properties QUINTANILLA (1990) has found that the fibre which is formed after spinning Kevlar has a tensile strength of about 3,620 Mpa. Its density with respect to water is 1.44. The formed has various inter-molecular bonds including the high strength hydrogen bonds as depicted in the figure above. Such inter-molecular bonds lead to the formation of a very high strength polymer. These intermolecular hydrogen bonds are formed between the carbonyl groups and the nitrogen-hydrogen centres. Since there is also an aromatic stacking of the molecules of adjacent strands it gives an additional strength to the bonds .Such interactions are way stronger than the regular Van-der walls forces and therefore have a greater influence on Kevlar .These also affect the chain length which typically influence the properties of other synthetic polymers and fibres such as Dyneema. If impurities like ions of other salts are present then it can hinder the direct interaction of the molecules. This in turn will decrease the strength of the polymers. So it is made sure that polymers are pure and free of other ions. As is apparent from the figure the Kevlar's structure has planar shaped and the molecules have a very closely stacked structure which makes it extra strong. Even very low temperatures up to -196 C cannot affect the molecular strength of the Kevlar structures as may be the case of other polymers due to brittleness. In fact at times it becomes stronger as the temperature is brought down. Although increasing the temperatures could lead to some serious decrease in the strength of Kevlar maybe up to 10-20% but it still very less when compared to polymers like Nylon which might even melt at high temperatures. The above graph as cited on PRINCETON (2015) shows the Mechanical strength of Kevlar as compared to other such materials used in the industry. Advantages And Disadvantages MRAZOVA (2013) has pointed out some very important advantages of Kevlar which are listed as follows:- The strands of Kevlar are very light in weight and can reduce the overall weight of the equipment up to 20-50%. Kevlar can stay unharmed even in direct impact accidents like fired bullet so it is also used as a shield in the military. Kevlar has high mechanical strength so it can sustain damages without being broken which is very useful in accident scenarios. 4.If we use metals for hard structures they have various corrosion problems and hence there is a loss of materials with time. Kevlar however is long lasting and has no such issues. Following could be the disadvantages of using Kevlar Since Kevlar involves very complex processes from production to separation it is really expensive in the market and hence using Kevlar in bulk becomes very expensive for some cases. Usage of kevlar could also involve some very high recurring costs. Since Kevlar does not break immediately on impact so the damage on the material may not be visible immediately. This could lead to some hidden damages in the material. The damages in the kevlar material are difficult to analyse or find out. Therefore the repairs are difficult and since it is a fibrous material it has different repair techniques than the metal itself. Possible Uses USAGE IN AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY 1) Since the floorings and interiors form the base to the strength of the Aircraft they are made up Kevlar to give extra strength and better looks that metal would give. 2) Filament-wound pressure bottles :- Since aircraft work at very high pressures so the bottles made with a normal material could cause catastrophic situations in case those bottles burst hence Kevlar is used for such rupture proof bottles as well. 3)Engine nacelles The jets fly at very high speeds, sometimes even supersonic speed. At such high speeds even a small vibration or extra stress could prove deadly.The nacelles use in the jet engines must withstand such forces or thrust.Being strong and light compared to metallic structures it is widely used in such cases. 4)Aircraft tires An aircraft takes off at a very high speed and in such cases the attrition is not only due to friction but also due to extra forces exerted due to the takeoff. Similar things happen when the aircraft lands. Such continuous cycles can lead to severe damage in the aircraft. The tires are hence covered with a layer of Kevlar to prevent any such damage. 5) Rotor blades The rotor blades are made up of the honeycomb structured Kevlar so give a stiff blade and keep the weight within control. 6) Spacecraft: Since Kevlar can sustain very low temperatures as well as high temperatures too it becomes the perfect choice to be used in space where the temperature could vary in a wide range. It has been used in the various missions to mars to construct the rovers and to avoid impact attrition. 7)Navy vessels- The navy vessels work in a very corrosive environment in the sea hence a normal material would sustain serious damages therefore Kevlar is used in such cases. Environmental Impact: The various composites like Kevlar have proved to be very efficient for aircraft purposes and advantageous too but could also be a potential danger to the environment and the organisms. Such composites like Kevlar are made up of fibres which individually are very small in structure when handled during production. Being so small in size they can penetrate through the nostrils making way to the lungs and hence causing lung diseases. They could damage the internal tissues or could cause clotting in the arteries. Another effect of this could be their adsorption on the skin and hence causing cancer or irritation. Aircraft structures made of such stuff when crash and burned release very small fibres of dust into the air causing air pollution. This is also the case when an aircraft is disposed of. They again could release toxic vapours in the atmosphere and hence cause skin, lung or eye problems. Therefore very serious precautions are required while producing, handling or disposing of the K evlar made stuff. References DUPONT(2013), Resourced From The Internet on 13th Feb,16 from https://www.dupont.com/products-and-services/fabrics-fibers-nonwovens/fibers/brands/kevlar.html MARIA MRAZOVA(2013), Advanced composite materials of the Future In Aerospace Industry, The Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport, Slovak Republic PRINCETON(2015) Ch. 3Polymer Matrix Composites Page- 7 7 resourced from the internet on 13th Feb,16 from https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1988/8801/880106.PDF QUINTANILLA, J. (1990). "Microstructure and properties of random heterogeneous materials: a review of theoretical results". Polymer engineering and science 39: 559585 STEPHANIE KWOLEK "Inventing Modern America: Insight :". Lemelson-MIT program. Archived from the original documents on May 24, 2009